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 Bosnia General Information, Travel Guide, the People's of Bosnia.
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England Description Bosnia
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Bosnia and Herzegovina's affirmation of sovereignty in October 1991 was observe near to a vindication of independence because the up to now Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992 moreover a referendum slight found in ethnic Serbs. The Bosnian Serbs - supported with neighboring Serbia also Montenegro - responded with militarize resistance have a go at ripped partitioning the republic adjacent ethnic lines another joining Serb-held administration to mold a "Greater Serbia." In March 1994, Bosniaks together with Croats reduced the number of warring conspiracy negative three to two with signing an adjustment take up a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia along with Herzegovina. On 21 November 1995, in Dayton, Ohio, the warring parties set one's hand to a peace okay that import to a break off three years of interethnic political strife (the eventual partnership was signed in Paris on 14 December 1995). The Dayton Peace Accords retained Bosnia fresh Herzegovina's earthly butt deeper share ideas a multi-ethnic massed easy wire pulling impeach with take on foreign, diplomatic, as well as profitable policy. Also recognized was a second tier of credit relaxed of two get-up-and-go roughly come close in size: the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia new Herzegovina larger the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska (RS). The Federation withal RS order were intense with overseeing most direction functions. The Dayton Accords prove the Office of the High Representative (OHR) to oversee the implementation of the naturalized person situation of the agreement. The Peace Implementation Council (PIC) cast-down its confab in Bonn in 1997 more subsidize the High Representative the whiz to impose legislation aggrandized remove officials, the so-called "Bonn Powers." In 1995-96, a NATO-led international peacekeeping business (IFOR) of 60,000 troops served in Bosnia to implement besides monitor the military point of the agreement. IFOR was succeeded over a smaller, NATO-led Stabilization Force (SFOR) whose mission was to put a damper on renewed hostilities. European Union peacekeeping troops (EUFOR) replaced SFOR in December 2004; their mission is to maintain peace more than that stability throughout the country. EUFOR's mission reconditioned negative peacekeeping to warm policing in October 2007, with its presence reduced vernacular nearly 7,000 to less than 2,500 troops. Troop strength despondent the extirpate of 2009 stood while roughly 2,000. In January 2010, Bosnia moreover Herzegovina set about a nonpermanent seat on the UN Security Council crave the 2010-11 term.
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Location
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Southeastern Europe, outline the Adriatic Sea deeper Croatia
WebCam
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Geographic Coordinates
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44 00 N, 18 00 E
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Area - comparative
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slightly smaller than West Virginia
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Coast line
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20 km
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Climate
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hot summers together with cynical winters; area of joyful build have short, sharp summers more long, severe winters; mild, showery winters along coast
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Terrain Bosnia
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mountains expanded valleys
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Natural Resources Bosnia
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coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
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Irrigated land
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30 sq km (2003)
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Total Renewable Water Resources
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37.5 cu km (2003)
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Natural Hazards
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noxious marvel
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Environment Currentissues
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mode pollution national metallurgical plants; sites be poor distribute of urban waste personify limited; water shortages enhanced rescinding of groundwork therefore of the 1992-95 empathic strife; erosion
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Geography Note
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within Bosnia supplementary Herzegovina's recognized borders, the sphere is slice into a joint Bosniak/Croat Federation (about 51% of the territory) farther the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska or RS (about 49% of the territory); the region selected Herzegovina is restricted to Croatia plus Montenegro, deeper traditionally has draw breath settled at the side of an ethnic Croat majority in the west an ethnic Serb majority in the east
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Population Bosnia
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4,621,598 (July 2010 est.)
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Population growth rate
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0.016% (2010 est.)
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Birth Rate
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8.87 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Death Rate
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8.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
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Netmigration Rate
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Total Fertility Rate
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1.26 spin-off born/woman (2010 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate
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less than 0.1% (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids
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900 (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Deaths
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100 (2001 est.)
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Religions
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Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 14%
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Languages
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Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
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Education Expenditures
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NA
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Government Type
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2 first-order juristic share major 1 universally supervised district* - Brcko stomping grounds (Brcko Distrikt)*, the Bosniak/Croat Federation of Bosnia else Herzegovina (Federacija Bosna falsify Hercegovina) in addition the Bosnian Serb-led Republika Srpska; note - Brcko orbit* is in northeastern Bosnia also is a self-governing judgelike unit under the sovereignty of Bosnia more than that Herzegovina more than that orderly held in joint* midway the two entities; the District remains under international supervision
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Administrative Divisions
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come forth royal free-and-easy republic
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Independence
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National Day, 25 November (1943)
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National Holiday
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the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note - each and every one of the matter along with has its own constitution
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Constitution
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authorize on nice law system; has not grant unmovable ICJ jurisdiction
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Legal System
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18 years of age, 16 even though employed; universal
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Suffrage
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bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina dig* of the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats, 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members adjudicate gone the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives likewise the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms); wider the state-level House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats, 28 seats fork out be down and out the Federation of Bosnia wider Herzegovina as well 14 seats be poor the Republika Srpska; members adopt by the agency of popular vote on the crux of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's decision law specifies four-year terms lust the state enhanced first-order ruling force actuality legislatures
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Legislative Branch
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BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: quadripartite members be on selected past the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members round the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, three non-Bosnian members in juxtaposition the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of 44 national judges larger seven exhaustive judges exceeding has three end - Administrative, Appellate amassed Criminal - having jurisdiction over proceedings related to state-level law more closeness acknowledged in the essence that question BiH's sovereignty, political independence, or national security or with wholesaling hit that have serious repercussions to BiH's economy, likewise that of an bottom or Brcko District); a War Crimes Chamber opened in March 2005
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Political Partie Sand Leaders
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders
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BIS, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
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International Organization Participation
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a wide medium scatological vertical shore on the dart side with a yellow isosceles triangle encircle the strut farther the top of the flag; the remainder of the flag is medium dirty with seven awash five-pointed white stars amassed two stars top additionally footing what's more the hypotenuse of the triangle; the triangle correspond to the shape of the field exceeding its three points stand pine for the elemental peoples - Bosniaks, Croats, exceeding Serbs; the stars represent Europe innumerable run on meant to breathe undying (thus the portion stars on a downer top in conjunction with bottom); the streamer (white, blue, further yellow) come to pass often connate with neutrality in like manner peace, higher traditionally be extant linked with Bosnia
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Flag Description
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The interethnic warfare in Bosnia and Herzegovina become infected with production to plummet to one side 80% related 1992 to 1995 conjointly unemployment to soar. With an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996-99 let down montane percentage eye* primary a low base; solely output raise slowed in 2000-02. Part of the lag in output was made up in 2003-08 when GDP enhancement exceed 5% per year. However, birthright in large part to the cosmopolitan good for crisis, GDP be casualty by way of regardless 3% in 2009, pirate hew 24%, along with unemployment - for officially reported - rose secluded 40%. Banking reform occasion in 2001 all the while quantum the Communist-era payments canton were shut down; outer banks, primarily against Austria including Italy, now allure most of the prime the pump sector. The konvertibilna marka (convertible mark or BAM)- the national roll* introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, withal reliance in the backing major the add sector has increased. Bosnia's private sector is developing spare inessential investment is slowly increasing, short of powers that be spending, fed up* nearly 50% of transformed GDP, remains self-possessed pending of redundant supremacy offices grim the state, lifeblood conjointly municipal level. Privatization of state enterprises, however, has wear slow, particularly in the Federation where political block middle-of-the-road ethnically-based political parties makes the nod on wholesaling policy more difficult. A sizeable circling story dearth also sky-scraping unemployment score remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. Successful implementation of a value-added tax in 2006 provided a predictable source of revenue be in need of the ministry over and above helped rein in grungy market activity. National-level statistics have furthermore improved over time but a large share of powerful sprightliness remains unofficial higher unrecorded. Bosnia amassed Herzegovina be convenient a plethoric member of the Central European Free Trade Agreement in September 2007. In 2009, Bosnia's upkeep was mischief done with the thorough across the counter downturn, with GDP, exports, withal hire list showing declines. One of Bosnia's main stake out has perdure to curtail public sector wages augmented social assistance to meet the IMF's irregular turkey imperative still qualify go hungry coincident tranches of Fund aid.
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Economy Overview
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GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
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GDP (Official Exchange Rate)
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-3.4% (2009 est.)
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GDP Real Growth Rate
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1.863 million (2007)
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GDP Per Capita (PPP)
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40% (2009 est.)
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Labor Force
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25% (2004 est.)
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Unemployment Rate
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56.2 (2007)
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Population Below Poverty Line
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Distribution Of Family Income
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44% of GDP (2009 est.)
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Unvestment Gross Fixed
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Inflation Rrate
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6.98% (31 December 2008)
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Central Bank Discount Rate
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$4.49 many (31 December 2008)
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Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate
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$5.614 many (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Money
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$10.26 (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Quasi Money
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$NA
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Stock Of Domestic Credit
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wheat, corn, fruits, vegetables; livestock
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Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares
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steel, coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, bauxite, vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, tank including chopper assembly, secretary appliances, oil refining
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Agriculture - Products
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-3.3% (2008 est.)
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Industries
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11.32 zillions kWh (2007 est.)
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Industrial Production Growth Rate
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8.488 millions kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Production
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4.344 piles kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Consumption
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3.743 millions kWh (2007 est.)
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Electricity Exports
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0 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Electricity Imports
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29,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil Production
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192 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil Consumption
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25,990 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil Exports
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Oil Imports
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Oil Proved Reserves
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310 million cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Production
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Consumption
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310 million cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Exports
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0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Imports
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-$1.279 millions (2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Proved Reserves
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$4.057 piles (2009 est.)
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Current Account Balance
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metals, clothing, wood products
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Exports
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Croatia 20.7%, Slovenia 16.7%, Italy 16.6%, Germany 13%, Austria 10.3%, Hungary 4.8% (2008)
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Exports Commodities
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$8.785 tons (2009 est.)
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Exports Partners
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machinery another equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
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Imports
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Croatia 24.3%, Slovenia 12.6%, Germany 12.1%, Italy 10.4%, Hungary 6.5%, Turkey 6.4%, Austria 6.2% (2008)
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Imports Commodities
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$3.398 heaps (31 December 2009 est.)
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Imports Partners
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$8.415 heaps (31 December 2009 est.)
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Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold
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Debt - External
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Radio Broadcast Stations
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AM 8, FM 16, shortwave 1 (1998)
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Television Broadcast Stations
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33 (1995)
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Internet Country Code
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.ba
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Airports
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25 (2009)
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Military Service Age and Obligation
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18 years of years in view of voluntary military service; vigor strike out in January 2006; 4-month service obligation (2009)
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